Monkeypox virus was discovered in 1958, when two outbreaks of a pox-like disease occurred in colonies of monkeys kept for research.

Mpox: A Closer Look

Mpox, formerly known as monkeypox, has garnered increased attention in recent years due to its emergence in various regions outside its traditional endemic areas. Here’s a closer examination of the key aspects of this disease:

Origin of Mpox

Mpox was first identified in monkeys in 1958, which led to its original name. However, the primary reservoirs of the virus are actually rodents, not primates. The name change from monkeypox to mpox was implemented to better reflect the disease’s origins and to avoid any misconceptions.

Transmission

Mpox is a zoonotic disease, meaning it primarily spreads from animals to humans. The virus can be transmitted through direct contact with the blood, bodily fluids, or skin lesions of infected animals. In regions where the virus is endemic, people often become infected through hunting or consuming bushmeat from infected animals.

Human-to-human transmission is also possible, though less common. This can occur through close physical contact with an infected person, particularly with their skin lesions, body fluids, or respiratory droplets. In some cases, the virus can spread through contaminated materials like bedding or clothing that have come into contact with an infected person.

Viral Family

Mpox belongs to the Orthopoxvirus genus within the Poxviridae family, which also includes other notable viruses like smallpox and cowpox. The Orthopoxvirus genus is known for its large, complex DNA viruses, which have the ability to infect various species. While mpox is less lethal than smallpox, it shares similarities in terms of symptoms, including fever, rash, and pustules. Fortunately, the smallpox vaccine offers some cross-protection against mpox, which has been instrumental in controlling outbreaks.

Clinical Features

The incubation period for mpox is typically 6 to 13 days but can range from 5 to 21 days. Initial symptoms are similar to those of other viral illnesses, including fever, headache, muscle aches, and fatigue. After a few days, a characteristic rash appears, often starting on the face and then spreading to other parts of the body. The rash goes through several stages, from macules to papules, vesicles, pustules, and finally crusts, before healing completely.

Epidemiology

Mpox is endemic in Central and West African countries, particularly in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). However, sporadic cases have been reported in other parts of the world, often linked to travel or the importation of animals from endemic regions. In recent years, there have been more reported cases in non-endemic countries, raising concerns about the potential for wider spread.

Prevention and Control

Prevention of mpox primarily involves reducing the risk of animal-to-human transmission. This includes avoiding contact with wild animals, particularly rodents and primates, and ensuring proper food handling and preparation. For human-to-human transmission, isolation of infected individuals, good hygiene practices, and the use of personal protective equipment (PPE) are essential. In some cases, vaccination may be recommended for those at high risk, especially during outbreaks.

Treatment

There is no specific treatment for mpox, and care is generally supportive, focusing on managing symptoms and preventing complications. However, antiviral agents that are effective against other orthopoxviruses may be considered in severe cases.

In summary, mpox is a zoonotic disease with significant implications for public health, particularly in endemic regions. Understanding its transmission dynamics, clinical features, and prevention strategies is crucial for managing and controlling outbreaks effectively.