Studies on Ethnobotanical Plant Calotropis gigantea (L.) R.Br., Used for the treatment of Mad Dog Bite in Gohparu Tehsil of Shahdol District Madhya Pradesh India

Radhe Shyam Napit Assistant Professor Dept.of Botany,

Govt. Nehru P.G. College Burhar Distt. Shahdol

Abstract

The present study carried out in Gohparu tehsil Shahdol district, Madhya Pradesh led to documentation of plants species “Calotropis gigantea (L.) R. Br, (Aak, Madar) (Asclepiadaceae), is used as Mad Dog bite anti- rabies (Hydrophobia) medicines. The paper discloses details of botanical identity, local names, parts of the plant used, mode of preparation and administration of the drug and diseases for which the given plant is used, the plant Calotropis gigantea (L.) R.Br (Asclepiadaceae) is glabrous or hoary, laticiferous shrubs or small trees, commonly known as “the swallow-wort or milkweed”. Calotropis is used as a traditional medicinal plant. The beginning of civilization, human beings have worshiped plants and such plants are conserved as a genetic resource and used as food, fodder, fibre, fertilizer, fuel, febrifuge and in every other way. From pre-historic times to the modern era in many parts of the world and India, plants, animals and other natural objects have profound influence on culture and civilization of man. Specially Calotropis gigantea (L.) R.Br. In ancient ayurvedic medicine the plant Calotropis gigantea is known as “ Safed madar, Sweta Arka / Vaigni Arka (Voilet)”. Both of them are often similar in their botanical aspects and also have similar pharmacological effects.

The systematic position, vernacular names, vegetative characters of the plant are given in the following . Calotropis gigantea is one such plant. In this review the systematic position, vernacular names, vegetative characters, Ecology and distribution, phytochemistry and the economical values of the Calotropis gigantea are discussed. Previous studies showed that Calotropis gigantea possess curing ability in Leprosy. Liver injuries as well as on oxidative stress, Hepatoprotective, Mental disorders, Migraine, Nasal ulcer, laxative, rheumatoid arthritis, Rheumatism,

Ringworm of the scalp secondary syphilis, gonorrhoea, ascites, helminthiasis, and jaundice, Skin diseases. Spleen disorder Swelling and inflammation in sprain TB and leprosy, (Veterinary) pet animals diseases treatment , Worms, Wounds and ulcers, Wound healing activity, (Goat) Motility of mature Haemonchus contortus of goat origin (Haemonchus is a genus of parasitic roundworms that infects cattle),Uterus stimulant Vermicidal activity. Calotropis gigantea is a highly potential plant resource.

The various uses of this plant are given, other uses of Calotropis gigantean (L.) R. Br. Activities Parts Used, Arrow poison- Latex, Biocidal activity- Latex, Biogas and substitute for petroleum products- Whole plant, Brewing and to curdle milk- The bark and latex, Cleansing water – Leaves and its Saps, Energy plantation- Whole Plant, Fibers- Bark, and the silky hairs from its seeds, Fodder Young pods, Senescing -leaves and flowers, Fungicidal, insecticidal properties-Whole Plant, Isomers Accumulation- Whole Plant, Latex or rubber- Latex, Leather tanning- Whole Plant, Manna like sugar and liquor (bar)- Sap, Manure, Pest repellent-Twigs and Leaves, Molluscicidal activity-Whole plant, Indicators of Heavy Metals- Leaf and Stem, Mosquitocidal potential- Whole plant Petroleum ether- acetone extract, Poly aromatic hydrocarbon contamination- Leaves, Reclaiming salt lands- Whole plant, To cool the air around homes Plantation of Calotropis, Substitute for paper-Leaf. This review will highlight the chemical constituents, pharmacological and therapeutic effects of this plant.

Keywords: Studies on Ethnobotanical Plant, Calotropis gigantea (L.) R.Br., Used for the treatment, of Mad Dog Bite, in Gohparu Tehsil.

Introduction

Shahdol district is prosperous in herbal wealth. The area is predominantly tribal and rural; People of this area usually practice agriculture for meeting their economic needs. Most of the population depends largely on plant resources growing in their surroundings to meet their requirements, including herbal therapy for sick men. Ethnobotany is the study of the relationship that exists between people of primitive societies and their plant environment. The herbal remedies rely on the vast potential on protective and curative properties of plants. According to WHO, nearly 80% of the people in developing countries rely on herbal medication? Plants have been most fascinating objects of nature ever since. They have played a key role in health care needs of human beings.

Shahdol District, in the Shahdol region is a district of Madhya Pradesh with its administrative headquarters located at Shahdol city. According to 2011 census, the district encompasses a geographical area of 6205 sq km and has a population of 10,66,063 (persons) including 5,40,021 (males) and 5,26,042 (females). The district has a sex ratio of 974 (females for every 1000 males. The major religions in the district are Hindu (93.53%) and Muslim (3.98%) of the total population respectively. The literacy rate in the district is 66.67% (persons), 76.14% (males) and 56.99% (females). Main spoken languages are Hindi (98.46%), Gondi (0.70%), Sindhi (0.29%). Labour Force Participation Rate is 45.19% for the year 2017-2018. Main source of income in the district is from the agriculture sector and per capita income is Rs. 82,745. The crime rate in the district is 370.43 for the year 2018. Total cropped area is 2,14,073 in hectares and the forest area is 1970.71 in sq km (2019).

One will find Maikal Mountain range on its southern boundary while River Son flanks on its western with northern boundary. Its major part is covered with dense forest. The survey was conducted repeatedly from January 2019 – December 2020. In different seasons and areas detailed information was documented about plants, human diseases and recipes. From pre-historic period to the modern era in many parts of the India, plants, animals and other natural objects have profound influence on culture and civilization of man. Since the beginning of civilization, human beings have worshiped plants and such plants are conserved as a genetic resource and used as food, fodder, fibre, fertilizer, fuel, febrifuge Medicine, Gum, Resin, Tannin

etc. Herbal medicines, also referred to as botanical medicine or phytomedicine, include herbs, herbal materials, herbal preparations and finished herbal products that contain parts of plants or other plant materials as active ingredients. The World Health Organization has estimated that 80% of people in some Asian and African countries rely on herbal medicines for some part of their primary health care. Finding healing powers in plants is an ancient idea, especially in India. Currently 25 to 50% of all pharmaceuticals dispensed around the world are of plant origin and only few among them have been used as antimicrobials. The Calotropis gigantean, invites attention of the researchers worldwide for its pharmacological activities such as anti diabetic, antitoxin, antihepatotoxin, antioxidant and wound healing activity. Latex contains the cardiac glycosides, calotopin, uscharin, calotoxin, calactin and uscharidin; gigantin1. All parts of the tree are considered to possess medicinal properties and used in the treatment of syphilis, boils, inflammation, epilepsy, hysteria, fever, muscular spasm, warts, leprosy, gout, snakebites, and cancer. The purpose of this article is to review phytochemical and pharmacological properties of this medicinal plant. C. gigantea contain chemical constituents are cardenolides, flavonoids, terpenes, pregnanes and a nonprotein amino acid. The latex , leaves, flowers, bark, root is also used as caustic, acrid, expectorant, depilatory, antihelmintic, useful in leprosy scabies ring worm of the scalp, piles, eruptions on the body, asthma, enlargement of spleen and liver, dropsy applied to painful joint swellings. This review gives a brief idea about its phytochemistry and pharmacological activity.

Fig. 01. India and Madhya Pradesh Fig. 02. Madhya Pradesh and Shahdol

Fig.03 Map of Shahdol District and Tehsil

Fig. 04. Tehsil. Gohparu

Study area of Shahdol and Gohparu Tehsil

Shahdol is a city in Shahdol district in the Indian state of Madhya Pradesh. The town of Shahdol is the district headquarters. It is surrounded by Anuppur in the southeast, Satna & Sidhi in the north and Umaria in the west. The district extends 110 kilometers from east to west and 170 kilometers from north to south. As of 2011

India census, Shahdol had a population of 10,66,063 (persons) including 5,40,021

(males) and 5,26,042 (females). Males constitute 51% of the population and females

49%. The latitude of Shahdol is 23.302189 and the longitude is 81.356804. It is located between the 23° 18′ 7.8804” N and 81° 21′ 24.4944” E.

About Gohparu Tehsil Gohparu is a Tehsil in Shahdol District of Madhya Pradesh State, India. Gohparu Tehsil Head Quarters is Gohparu town. List of Villages in Gohparu Tehsil- is 63. It is in the (466 msl) elevation(altitude) .Govt Colleges in Gohparu * Janta College Gohparu, Primary Health Center, Thana, HS School, Gohparu Tehsil, Block, Pin codes of Gohparu Tehsil 484669

Notable Worker

The local healers and knowledgeable villagers were consulted during the field trips covering three different seasons during Jan. 2019 – Dec. 2020. Ethnomedicinal

information were collected following the methods described by Chopra et.al; 1958, Jain (1965) and Jain & Rao (1976), Maheshwari & Singh (1965), Jain (1968),

Sikarwar, Maheshwari (1992) & Jain & Tarafder 1970, 1969, Nadkarni, 1954., Napit,

S., Shrivastava D. K. & Mishra S. K. 2011. Napit, Radheshyam, 2015. Knowledgeable people and medicine men were interviewed for recording medicinal use of plants; parts used during drug preparation, dosage and local name. Under enumeration, plant names have been arranged alphabetically. The correct botanical name is followed by family within parentheses, local names, medicinal uses name of tribe and locality. All the specimens have been deposited in the Botany department Govt. P. G. College Shahdol (M.P.) Some local worker also made study here like M.
Singh (2001) & S.L.Bondya, K. K. Khanna et al. (2005).

Materials and Methods

In this methodology, 12 villages were surveyed to observe the use Mad Dog bite anti-rabies (Hydrophobia), plants by the local inhabitants. A very small number of tribals (about 09 Caste) were found to treat the anti-rabies (Hydrophobia) ailment persons by anti- wart plants. Majority of such persons were found illiterate while a few with primary or middle education practices to treat wart patients. Such persons anti-rabies (Hydrophobia) are usually called as medicinemen. The quantity of plant parts used to treat anti-rabies (Hydrophobia) not standard. Other workers who studied plants were Jain (1991); Sarin (1996); Ghos and Das, (2000), Johnson,(1998); Ambasta, (1986); Sivarajan and Balachandran, (1994); Singh and Maheshwari, (1983); Warman, (1999); Warrier et al.,(1999).

The method adopted for the ethnomedicinal study was adopted from Jain (1981). During the study, knowledgeable person in rural areas of Gohparu Tehsil in Shahdol division were involved in the survey during Jan. 2019 – Dec. 2020. information was collected from tribal medicine men and vaidyas and some farmers, who were interviewed about the therapeutic use of plants in the treatment of various diseases. Information about use and local name of plants was derived from these interviews. The collected plant specimens were identified by consulting Flora of British India by Benthum and Hooker (1872-1879). Voucher specimens of the species collected are deposited in the Department of Botany Govt. Nehru P.G. College Burhar Shahdol, Madhya Pradesh (M.P.).

The sample Collection and identification Fresh leaves stem barks and fruits of Calotropis procera were obtained from Gohparu Tehsil. The plant materials were transported in polythene bags to the Botany laboratory of Department of Botany, The Botany department where they were identified by Dr. D. K. Dwivedi and Dr. M. K. Bhatnagar (an organic & natural product chemist).

Sample preparation- The fresh stem barks, leaves and seeds of Calotropis procera were properly cleaned to remove any dirt or messy, particles present on the surface. The pieces of plant materials were air dried for 14-16 days. The dried plant materials were taken separately and crushed using an electric blender to obtain a fine powder and sieve to obtain finer particles. The powdered samples were stored in clean plastic containers until needed for analysis.

History of Rabies Virus

Rabies is a disease caused by a virus that attacks cells of the nervous system. A virus is a small germ viruses can cause diseases such as the flu, chicken pox, smallpox, measles and hepatitis. A virus can enter a cell of the body and multiply. The infected cell may die and the virus can move on to infect other cells. Once the rabies virus enters the body, it is picked up by peripheral nerves and transported to the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord). The virus moves toward the brain at a rate of between 12 to 100 mm/day. Within nerve cells, the virus multiplies and then spreads to other parts of the body, including the salivary glands. Human rabies is rare in the United States because people who are exposed to rabies can get shots to prevent the disease. Many people in countries without adequate control of rabies, however, are at risk for an infection. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that rabies kills 59,000 people each year and millions of people are treated for exposure to rabies. (Photograph to other Sources)

Fig.05. Fig. 06.

Fig.07. Fig. 08.

Figure: 1,2,4,5,6,7,8, (From Net Source) 1. Electronmicroscope photograph of the rabies virus,

2.Rabies virus; shape and its …researchgate.net. 3. Rabies Virus- An Overview | Microbe Notes 4. Image of rabies virus.

(Photograph to Other Sources of Rabies Virus Nucleoprotein-RNA Complex ..)

In the United States in 2004, there were 6,836 cases of rabies in nonhuman animals and 8 cases in human beings reported to the to the CDC. Rabies was found most often in raccoons (2,564 cases), skunks (1,856 cases) and bats (1,361 cases). (Reference: Krebs, J.W., Mandel, E.J., Swerdlow, D.L. and Rupprecht, C.E., JAVMA, 227:1912-1925, 2005) Eight people have died after receiving corneal transplants from people infected with the rabies virus. The risk of such human-to-human infections is very low because of improved screening of organ donations. A bat bite often goes undetected because bat teeth can be small and the wound may not be large. Neuroscientists use the rabies virus in an experimental method to trace neuronal pathways in the brain.

Symptoms of Rabies (Literature is other Sources)

The Symptoms of rabies viruse usually start within two to eight weeks after a person is bitten. However, in rare cases, it may take more than a year for symptoms to develop.The first signs of rabies may look similar to the flu: Headache, Fever, Depression, Sore Throat, Nausea, Loss of Appetite Pain, Stiff Muscles, itching or tingling at the site of the bite may also be present. These symptoms may be followed by more serious signs: Confusion, Convulsions, Anxiety, Hallucinations, Insomnia Paralysis, Breathing Problems, Coma, Hydrophobia (fear of water) is seen in 50-80% of people infected with rabies virus. The fear of water develops because people have trouble swallowing.Some animals infected with rabies may become restless and aggressive. They might try to bite other animals or objects. Other infected animals may become shy and try to hide.Once rabies attacks the central nervous system, it causes encephalitis (brain swelling). Inflammation surrounding brain blood vessels is often seen. Areas of the brain frequently targeted by the rabies virus are the hippocampus, limbic areas, medulla and cerebellum. If rabies goes untreated, it is almost always fatal and there is no cure. Electron microscope photograph of the rabies virus. Rabies is spread through the saliva of an infected animal. People and other animals can get rabies if they are bitten or scratched by an infected animal. Bats and raccoons often carry rabies, but dogs, cats, skunks, foxes, wolves and coyotes can also be infected. The rabies virus belongs to the family of Rhabdoviruses. When seen with an electron microscope, the rabies virus has a bullet-shaped appearance.

Gross and histopathological lesions in rabies-

Gross and histopathological lesions in rabies. (A) Marked congestion of blood vessels in sulci of swollen cerebral hemispheres. (B) Massive perivascular infiltration with mononuclear cells (lymphocytes and macrophages) around dilated blood vessels in white matter of camel H&E x400. (C)

Dense eosinophilic and sharply outlined Negri

bodies (arrow) of various sizes in the Fig.09.(Gross and histopathological lesions in rabies-)

cytoplasm of intact neuron in camel brainstem section. H&E x400. (D) Brain section showing degenerated neurons, severe cuffing with mononuclear cells and edema. A Negri body is also visible in the degenerated neuron (arrow) having mild diffuse gliosis. H& E x200.

02- Diagnostic techniques for rabies

(A) Brain impression smear showing oval or round magenta coloured Negri bodies (arrow) in the cytoplasm of neuron. Seller’s stain x1000. (B) Intense brown colour signals of rabies virus antigen in the cytoplasm of pyramidal neurons in experimentally infected mice brain with challenge virus standard (CVS) strain of rabies virus. IHC-DAB-MH x200. (C)

Brain impression smear showing bright apple

green dusty fluorescent signals of rabies virus antigen in the Fig.10. (Diagnostic techniques for rabies.) cytoplasm of neurons in a spotted deer. Inset showing plenty of specific signals in the cytoplasmic processes and stroma of neuron. dFAT x200. (D). Bright apple green fluorescent signals of rabies virus antigen in the smear of saliva in a dog. dFAT x200.

Demographics- Caption-

Pathology of rabies infection is typically defined by encephalitis and myelitis. Perivascular infiltration with lymphocytes,polymorphonuclear leukocytes, and plasma cells can occur throughout the entire CNS. Rabies infection frequently causes cytoplasmic eosinophilic inclusion bodies (Negri bodies) in neuronal cells, especially pyramidal cells of the hippocampus and Purkinje cells of the cerebellum. Fig.11. (Demographics- Caption). These inclusions have been identified ACR as areas of active viral replication by the identification of rabies viral antigen. Plane Photograph Modality GR – Gross photograph Codes Part.

Systematic position of the selected plant

Vernacular Names- LN., Hindi: Aak, Madar; Akvan; Sanskrit: Arka,Ganarupa, Mandara, Vasuka, Svetapushpa, Sadapushpa, English; Crown flower, giant Indian milkweed. Alarka, Pratapass

Kingdom – Plantae

Order – Gentianales

Family – Asclepiadaceae Subfamily – Asclepiadoideae

Genus – Calotropis Species – gigantea

Vegetative characters:

Habit & Habitat- Shrub or a small tree up to 2-5 height and xerophytic shrub (grow in dry land). Root- tap, branched, very deep, woody at base and covered with a fissured, corky bark, succulent and densely white tomentose, early glabrescent. Stem- erect, woody, cylindrical, branched, solid bellow smooth, and upper side hairy, white, yellow-green milky latex. Leaves- simple, reticulate, unicostat, cauline and ramal, Opposite decussate, simple, exstipulate or sub sessile, extipulate; blade- oblong obovate to broadly obovate, 5-20X2.5-8 cm, apex abruptly and shortly acuminate to apiculate, base cordate, margins entire, succulent, white tomentose when young, later glabrescent and glacouse, All parts of the plant exude white latex when broken or cut. Inflorescence- A dense, multiflowered, umbellate, dichasial cymes, arising from the nodes and appearing axillary or terminal. Flowers- Bracteate, pedicellate, complete, bisexual, actinomorphic, pentamerous, hypogynous, pedicel 2-3 cm long. Calyx- Sepal 5, Polysepalous, 5 lobed, shortly united at the base, quincuncial aestivation, glabrescent,. Corolla- Petals 5 (white and voilet colour), gamopetalous, five lobed, twisted aestivation. Androecium- Stamens 5, gynostegium, pollinia, corpusculum gynandrous, anther dithecous, coherent. Gynoecium- Ovary free, Bicarpellary, apocarpus, styles are united at their apex, peltate stigma with five lateral stigmatic surfaces, marginal placentation, penta angular. Anthers- adnate to the stigma forming a gynostegium. Fruit- A simple, fleshy, inflated, subglobose to obliquely ovoid, etaerio of follicle up to 5-10 cm or

more in diameter. Seeds- Many, compressed with silky hairs white pappus, 3 cm or more long , small, flat, obovate, 5×5 mm.

Ecological Distribution

The plant Calotropis gigantea (L.)R.Br is drought resistant,( xerophytic plant) salt tolerant to a relatively high degree, grows wild up to 489 – 1100 meters (msl) throughout the country and prefers disturbed sandy soils with mean annual rainfall 200-500 mm. Through its wind and animal dispersed seeds, it quickly becomes established as a weed along degraded roadsides, lagoon edges and in overgrazed native pastures. It has a preference for and is often dominant in areas of excluded cultivation especially disturbed sandy soils and low rainfall. It is factitious an indicator of over cultivation and It is drought tolerant and the pioneer vegetation in desert soil. Sometimes this plant is the only survivor in some areas, where nothing else grows. Hence, it is distributed in tropical and subtropical area of India. The plant grows very well in a variety of soils and different environmental conditions.

Geographical distribution

The plant Calotropis gigantea (L.) R.Br is a native of India and distributed in the various continent like Asia, South & North America, Africa and Europe, Occure about in 90-100 countries. The seeds are freely float in the air and natural regeneration is very common. Vegetative propagation through stem and root cuttings is very useful in large-scale multiplication of the superior genotypes. Calotropis gigantea has been cultivated in South America and on the Caribbean Islands for the production of fibres at a spacing of 1-1.5m.When cultivated annually yields of up to 300-500kg/ha are expected. It is well suited for intensive energy farming in arid or semi-arid regions where frost is not a limiting factor.

Microscopic features Histological evaluation of Calotropis gigantean (L.) R. Br. Stem.)

Stem and Root: The plant Calotropis gigantean (L.) R. Br., Stem is T. S. in sectional view with slight undulate outline diagram figure. The T.S. of the Stem and root shows the presence of cork as the outermost layer epidermis, regularly

arranged with 15-20 layers of rectangular cells without any intercellular space. The cells in the cortex region consist of abundant number of starch grains. The cortical cells are wide, angular thin walled compact parenchyma cells; It consists of thin epidermis, wide cortex, thin bicollateral hollow vascular cylinder and wide pith. These cells were consists of irregularly shaped parenchymatous cells and contains laticiferous tubes and rosette of calcium oxalate. T. S. through midrib of leaves shows an upper and lower single layered epidermis externally covered with thick striated cuticle and few epidermal cells on both surface of leaf elongated to form uniseriate 2-3 celled trichomes. Outer Phloem, Inner Phloem (Sieve- Elements occur), Xylem (Sclerenchyma tissue) Pith. (Some of the pith cells function laticifers or the latex secreting cells.

Root- Both thin and thick roots were studied. The thin root is T.S. measuring 1-1.5mm in diameter .The root consists of a thick, dark crushed camellia colour outer layer of epidermis followed by four or five layers of less distinct periderm cells. There is fairly thick cortical zone where the cells are tangentially elongated and compact. The vascular cylinder consists of a central, circular solid cylinder of secondary xylem, surrounded by a thick layer of secondary phloem. The secondary xylem consists of a few, diffusely distributed wide and narrow vessels and dense ground tissue Periderm, Sieve Elements, Secondary Phloem, Secondary Xylem (Vessels) Fibres. The thick root is 3-4 mm thick. It consists of wide deeply fissured periderm, narrow cortex and central secondary xylem cylinder surrounded by secondary phloem. Abbreviation: cortex, Fissues Periderm, Secodnary Phloem. Secondary Xylem. Xylem consists of mostly vessels and tracheid.

Traditional Usage- Whole plant was traditional used to treat common diseases such as asthma, cough, rheumatism fever, and eczema, diarrhoea, rheumatism, indigestion, cold, for the treatment of boils and for the treatment of jaundice. The root was used for the treatment of eczema, leprosy, elephantiasis, teeth pain and diarrhoea. In case of diarrhoea it changed the faecal matter into a semisolid mass within the first day of treatment. The stem latex and bark was used for the treatment of skin diseases, intestinal worms, and leprosy, cure leucoderma and dog bite Anti Rabies (Hydrophobia).

Result (This is Original Survey Work)

The Calotropis gigantea (L.) R.Br. is one such plant an ancient ayurvedic medicine the plant Calotropis gigantea is known as Mandar Aak, Akvan (Sweta Arka /Vaigni Arka) both of them are often analogous in their botanical aspects.

Mode of Use

Use–The paste of stem bark (Calotropis gigantea (L.) R.Br.) approx 1-5 g. and mixed with juice of stem bark (Alangium salviifolium (L.f.) Wangerin) 100 g. is taken orally after meals once a day for 3 days to cure dog bite (Mad Dog) anti-rabies (hydrophobia).

Meals is very need for taken of medicine (Drugs) :
When medicine (Drugs) taken after meals, to seen of vomiting reaction among 10-20 minutes to dog bite person.
This is Guaranteed medicine (Drugs) to given of mad Man or Cattles That (The Mad Dog bit to man and animals)

(Alangium salviifolium (L.f.) Wangerin, (Cornaceae) “Kolha, Ankol”

Vernacular Names- Local Name: Kolha, Kolhar; Hindi: Ankol; Sanskrit: Ankolah; English: Sage Leaved Alangium; Kannada: Ankolamara; Malayalam: Arinjl; Tamil: Alinjil Alandi; Telugu: Urgu Urduin.

Description of Plant

The plant mostly found in dry regions in plains and low hills and also found on roadsides Kolha, Ankol- Alangium salviifolium (L.f.) Wangerin) is a medium, or bushy tree offering a dense canopy with a short trunk. Root- tap, branched. Stem- woody, bark grey, branched. The stunted branches end up with sharp ends making it look like thorns. Leaves- are simple, alternate, oblong-lanceolate. It bears fragrant white flowers which have green buds. The prominent remains of the Calyx- can be seen distinctly with a white color, Corolla- petals of the flower typically curl backwards exposing the multiple stamens and a linear stigma distinctly sticking out. Fruits- are spherical berry like black and red in color. Flowers- between February

and April and Fruits- between March-May. It sheds it leaves completely when it flowers and leaves start coming when it begins to fruit. It is considered as a holy tree and temples have been built near it. In India, this tree is mostly found near sandy riverine tracts and road cuttings.

The plant (Alangium salviifolium) Kolha, Kolhar, Ankol (Eng. Sage leaf) is traditional healers and an ayurvedic medicinal plant used for the treatment of herpes, blood disorders hemorrhoids, rheumatic arthritis, loose stools and use in skin cancers by means of local application of the root as recommended by ayurveda. It is also used locally for the treatment of snakebite, scorpion bite as well as for dog bite. It also reduces blood pressure when taken orally due to its vasodilator activity. Each part of ankol tree has several medicinal values. For example, seeds are aphrodisiac and provide strength to the body.

Chemical Composition (Bark contains Alangium salviifolium)

Bark contains Alangine while four alkaloids have been isolated from branches, which are venoterpine, ankorine, cephaeline and psychotrine, Petroleum ether, Anti arthritic Alkaloids, Antifertility Alkaloids, Steroids, Saponin, Tannins, Ethyl acetate, Chloroform, Methanol extracts, Flavonoids, Aqueous extracts .

Phytochemical- (Stem Bark Extract Calotropis gigantea)

Alkaloid, Saponin, Flavonoid, Terpenoids, Glycoside, Tannin, Phenolic compound, Carbohydrate, Amino Acid, Quinones, Oxalate, Sterol etc present in the stem.

Phytochemistry- The previous workers have reported many phytochemical constituents in the various parts of Calotropis gigantea especially in the leaves. Usharin, gigantin, calcium oxalate, alpha and beta- calotropeol, beta-amyrin., fatty acids (both saturated and unsaturated), hydrocarbons, acetates and the benzoates, a mixture of tetracyclic triterpene compounds, terols, giganteol and giganteol are also found to be present, Cardenolide calotropin , α-amyrin, β-amyrin, taraxasterol, β- sitosterol, α-amyrin methylbutazone, βamyrin methylbutazone, α-amyrin acetate, β-amyrin acetate, taraxasteryl acetate, lupeol acetate B, gigantursenyl acetate A, gigantursenyl acetate B, flavonol glycoside, akundarol, uscharidin, calotropin, frugoside, calotroposides A to G are responsible for many of its activities.

The following cardenolides are also described in the literature- calactin, calotoxin, calotropagenin, proceroside, syriogenine, uscharidin, uscharin, uzarigenin and voruscharin. Other compounds found are benzoylisolineolon and benzoyllineolone. Flavonoids, triterpenoids, alkaloids, steroids, glycosides, saponins, terpenes, enzymes, alcohol, resin, fatty acids and esters of calotropeols, volatile long chain fatty acids, glycosides and proteases have been isolated from the various parts of the plant Calotropis gigantea. The laticifer fluid of Calotropis, and found to have strong proteolytic activity, having the enzyme cysteine proteinase and aspartic proteinase. Due to the presence of these components, the plants are resistant to phytopathogens and insects mainly in leaves where the latex circulates abundantly. The milky latex of the plant is rich in lupeol, calotropin, calotoxin, and uscharidin, the latex protein. Sharma and Sharma et al.,screened the major phytochemicals viz. alkaloids, carbohydrates, glycosides, phenolic compounds/tannins, proteins and amino acids, flavonoids, saponins, sterols, acid compounds, resins in flower, bud.

Phytochemical components

The plan Calotropis gigantea of Phytochemical Compounds like-1. Alkaloids present- Dragendorff’s test, Mayers test., 2. Carbohydrates present- Molish test, Fehling test, 3. Glycosides present-Keller killiani test, 4. Phenolic compounds/tannins present- Ferric chloride test, 5. Proteins and amino acids present- Xantho protein test present-, 6. Fl Flavanoids present- Ammonia test, 7.Saponins present- With water With Na2CO3, 8. Sterols present- Liebermann-Burchard test, Salkowski reaction, Hesse’ sreaction, 9. Acid compounds present- With Na2CO3, With litmus paper, 10. Resins present- With double distilled water, With acetone are present above given phytochemical components of these Plant Part eg. Tests performed Flower Bud Root in present- HCl, 11. Peroxides present – Potassium Iodide test, 12. Polyuronoids present- Haemotoxylin test.

Biological Properties– Economic Values of Calotropis Medicinal properties Different parts of the plant have immense potential to cure various diseases and disorders. It is used in various polyherbal preparations. There are more than hundred activities described in detail by Duke . Calotropis is used alone and sometimes with other plants to cure variety of human and animals ailments. Medicinal uses of

Calotropis gigantea is applied on many diseases like Asthma , Abortifacient, Analgesic and Antinociceptive activity (a painful or injurious stimulus by sensory neurons), Antifertility and emmenagogue, Anti-inflammatory activity, Anthelmintic activity, Anti cancer activity, Anti dote for Scorpion stings and Insect bites, Anti tumour activity, Free radical Scavenging activity, Bronchial asthma, Diabetes mellitus, Nervous disorders, Elephantiasis of the legs and scrotum, Expectorant, Fever, Fibrinolytic activities, Healing the ulcers and blotches, Indigestion, Piles, Pregnancy interceptive activity, Purgative, Removing anaemia, Epilepsy, kesarayer, Antimicrobial activity, Cold, Expectorant, Cytostatic activity, Antiviral activity, Anxiety and pain, CNS activity, Cytotoxic activity, Dyspepsia, Eczema, and Anti-diarrheal and anti dysentery of many diseases etc

Side Effect of C. gigantea – The plant Calotropis gigantea (L) R Br toxicity if taken orally a therapeutic large dose causes nausea, vomiting and diarrhoea. In pregnant womens it may lead to abortion, injurious to liver and lungs. Prolonged higher doses cause headache, burning micturition diarrhoea weakens the intestine.

Conclusion and Discussion

The plant Calotropis gigantea (Aak, Madar) and Alangium salviifolium, (Kolha, Ankol ) are both plant with many curative principles and other economic values with the various features a perennial shrub, distributed up to 489- 1100m (MSL) elevation in the tropical and subtropical areas, growing in all types of soils and environmental conditions, requiring no cultivation practices. As a hydrocarbon rich plant this plant needs more investigation on the aspect of energy conversion. The quality and quantity of the active principle that are important for many ailments and especially here Dog bite (Mad Dog) Anti-rabies (Hydrophobia) are subjected to many factors such as climate etc. It has been traditionally claimed for a large number of pharmacological actions, Ayurvedic uses, documented for medicinal uses in Ayurveda and Unani. Scientific studies conducted have verified many of the traditional uses of this plant. The various properties desired are available in the natural forms. The present review highlights on the future of Calotropis gigantea and Alangium salviifolium in various usage. The phytochemistry of Calotropis gigantea and Alangium salviifolium has been investigated revealing that it

contains alkaloids, glycosides, terpenes, terpenoids, benzoids, tannins, phenols, etc. Which gives various properties such as antioxidant, antibacterial, antifungal, analgesic, etc. And also further in these bioactive complex phytochemicals can be used for the development of various agents that can be used for various purposes for human welfare upon further extensive & systematic studies its properties can be given more exposure using them various innovative herbal and natural cosmetics formulations. In this way standardization of the phytochemicals by these factors are very important to establish the uses of the plant more effectively. Like With proper toxicological studies and research work it could be used in various cosmetic preparation especially in foot and other cosmoceuticals like foot sprays, pain relievers, antifungal creams, foot creams etc.

Acknowledgement

The author is thankful to medicinemen of Gohparu Tehsil and head of Department of Botany Dr. S.K.Mishra; Pt. S.N. Shukla University Shahdol, Dr. B. N. Tripathi HOD Deptt., of Biotechnology IGNTU Amarkantak for their kind cooperation and also thankful to the tribal people of Shahdol District for completing the questionnaire, and articulate discussion pertaining to the Dog bite (Mad Dog) Anti- Rabies (Hydrophobia) medicine (Ayurvedic Aushadhi).

Fig.12. Medicinemen Gond Tribe, forester and Researche Team.

**Fig.13. Calotropis gigantea (L.) R Br. (02 variety) White and Voilet colour.**

Fig.14. Took Photographs of some Mad Dogs, October and November Months.

Fig.15. (Alangium salviifolium (L.f.) Wangerin) Stem, Flowring plant and Medicineman.

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